engineeringburan

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This paper demonstrates the significant benefits of exploiting highly aligned porosity in piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials for improved energy harvesting performance. Porous lead zirconate (PZT) ceramics with aligned pore channels and varying fractions of porosity were manufactured in a water-based suspension using freeze-casting. The aligned porous PZT ceramics were characterized in detail for both piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties and their energy harvesting performance figures of merit were assessed parallel and perpendicular to the freezing direction.

As a result of the introduction of porosity into the ceramic microstructure, high piezoelectric and pyroelectric harvesting figures of merits were achieved for porous freeze-cast PZT compared to dense PZT due to the reduced permittivity and volume specific heat capacity. Experimental results were compared to parallel and series analytical models with good agreement and the PZT with porosity aligned parallel to the freezing direction exhibited the highest piezoelectric and pyroelectric harvesting response; this was a result of the enhanced interconnectivity of the ferroelectric material along the poling direction and reduced fraction of unpoled material that leads to a higher polarization. A complete thermal energy harvesting system, composed of a parallel-aligned PZT harvester element and an AC/DC converter, was successfully demonstrated by charging a storage capacitor. The maximum energy density generated by the 60 vol% porous parallel-connected PZT when subjected to thermal oscillations was 1653 μJ cm −3, which was 374% higher than that of the dense PZT with an energy density of 446 μJ cm −3. The results are beneficial for the design and manufacture of high performance porous pyroelectric and piezoelectric materials in devices for energy harvesting and sensor applications. • For reproduction of material from NJC: [Original citation] - Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) on behalf of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the RSC.

• For reproduction of material from PCCP: [Original citation] - Published by the PCCP Owner Societies. • For reproduction of material from PPS: [Original citation] - Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) on behalf of the European Society for Photobiology, the European Photochemistry Association, and RSC. • For reproduction of material from all other RSC journals: [Original citation] - Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry. Information about reproducing material from RSC articles with different licences is available on our.

Paul I would like to invate you on my birthday party, which will take place on 18th March 2011. The party will be organised in my house.

There will be a lot of attractions, for example: *Playing football *Birthday cake *Music *Delicious food *Fireworks etc. The party starts at 4:00 pm. If you want you can bring few more friends with you.

I hope you will arrive and please don’t be late! Tlumaczenie: Paul chcialbym/chcialabym cie zaprosic na moje przyjecie urodzinowe, ktore odbedzie sie 18 marca 2011. Zabawa bedzie organizowana w moim domu. Bedzie wiele atrakcji np. Vuze Tracker List Downloadable Playstation here. : *Granie w pilke nozna *Tort urodzinowy *Muzyka *Smaczne jedzenie *Fajerwerki itp.

Zabawa zaczyna sie od godziny 16:00. Jezeli chcesz mozesz wziasc ze soba kilka przyjaciol.

Mam nadzieje ze przyjdziesz i prosze nie spoznij sie!